tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67427395043002145662024-03-13T19:26:39.428+08:00Kimia 4 5Online Education of Sciences and MathematicsCikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10345160443311397187noreply@blogger.comBlogger46125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-29605837572835891502016-08-24T03:32:00.001+08:002016-08-24T03:41:30.751+08:00Tindakan Pencucian Sabun<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula am sabun dapat diwakili dengan RCOONa untuk garam natrium atau RCOOK untuk garam kalium dengan R sebagai kumpulan alkil yang berantai panjang.</div>
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Contoh:</div>
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a) Natrium stearat, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COONa</span>, dimana R ialah <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 15.3333px;">C</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15.3333px;">17</sub><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 15.3333px;">H</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15.3333px;">35</sub></div>
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b) Kalium palmitat, <span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOK</span>. Dimana R ialah <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">C</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">15</sub><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span><sub style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">31</sub></div>
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Dalam air, sabun tercerai kepada <b>ion logam</b> dan <b>ion karboksilat</b> yang bergerak dalam air. Sebagai contohnya, natrium stearat membentuk ion natrium dan ion stearat yang bebas dalam air. Ion stearat juga disebut zarah atau anion sabun.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcd2MB_lFoCBURCTw_F5CoCF3NpjL22xleQz9rb0N5FzulDF8c25EXMNedVaII1x_s31OlTYSkkyr4_uJu9m4bS53OOsuRx_KoM45mWliTKpF9mHGBnSYCUtYHVx1z3z8QmraQJaejVEGN/s1600/sabun02.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcd2MB_lFoCBURCTw_F5CoCF3NpjL22xleQz9rb0N5FzulDF8c25EXMNedVaII1x_s31OlTYSkkyr4_uJu9m4bS53OOsuRx_KoM45mWliTKpF9mHGBnSYCUtYHVx1z3z8QmraQJaejVEGN/s1600/sabun02.gif" /></a></div>
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Zarah yang aktif dalam sabun ialah zarah sabun (anion sabun). Ion ini terdiri daripada dua bahagian:</div>
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a) Bahagian <b>kepala</b> yang bersifat <b>ion</b>.</div>
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b) Bahagian <b>ekor hidrokarbon</b> yang mengandungi <b>ikatan kovalen</b>.</div>
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Bahagian kepala mengandungi kumpulan karboksilat <b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">−</span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">COO</span><sup><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">−</span></sup></b> yang larut dalam air, iaitu bersifat <b>hidrofilik</b>. Sebaliknya, bahagian <b>ekor</b> mengandungi rantai panjang hidrokarbon (bahagian kovalen) yang tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik seperti minyak atau gris, iaitu bersifat <b>hidrofobik</b>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Struktur zarah sabun (ion stearat).</span></div>
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Apabila sabun dilarutkan dalam air, sabun terurai kepada zarah sabun dan ion natrium. Larutan bersabun mengandungi zarah sabun dan ion natrium yang bebas bergerak.</div>
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Apabila zarah sabun bertemu dengan kotoran berminyak (gris) pada permukaan kain, ekor hidrokarbon yang bersifat hidrofobik larut dalam gris manakala bahagian kepala yang bersifat hidrofilik larut dalam air.</div>
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Bahagian kepala zarah sabun yang bercas negatif tertarik kepada air. Daya tarikan antara air dan bahagian kepala zarah sabun membolehkan gris ditanggalkan apabila air dikacau.</div>
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Gris ditanggalkan daripada permukaan kain merupakan titisan bercas negatif yang terapung-apung dalam air. Titisan-titisan gris ini menolak antara satu sama lain kerana mempunyai cas yang sama.</div>
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Apabila dibilas dengan air, permukaan kain menjadi bersih kerana titisan-titisan gris itu tertinggal dalam air. Proses menghilangkan kotoran oleh tindakan sabun dapat dipercepatkan jika larutan sabun dikocak dengan kuat atau dipanaskan.</div>
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Selain bertindak sebagai agen pencuci, zarah sabun juga berperanan</div>
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Sebagai <b>agen pembasah</b> yang mengurangkan tegangan permukaan air lalu membantu air membasahi permukaan yang dicuci.</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Sebagai <b>agen pengemulsian</b> yang membolehkan titisan gris (kotoran) tersebar di dalam air tanpa bergabung, iaitu membentuk larutan emulsi. Hal ini membolehkan tindakan pencucian sabun lebih berkesan.</li>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-71060709397278086142016-05-02T15:09:00.000+08:002016-05-02T15:28:13.909+08:00Pengertian pengoksidaan dan penurunan dari segi pemindahan elektron<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Pengoksidaan</b> ialah satu proses kehilangan elektron daripada sesuatu bahan tindak balas, manakala <b>penurunan</b> ialah satu proses penerimaan elektron oleh sesuatu bahan tindak balas.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 1</span></b></div>
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Tindak balas antara magnesium dengan gas oksigen.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDZ5efPVz8yGQFjwdT-YGDtijb8UBxLJs9rvL4uf2ho9vP5zcgMwlbJjknMMpO85RLrQajvWbrBhyh7C-JPxr5ebxypdCRmbx2JyJbWMEeZVGCVbY8hK9gleASCW263wP_fh_F9sWTVrH/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDZ5efPVz8yGQFjwdT-YGDtijb8UBxLJs9rvL4uf2ho9vP5zcgMwlbJjknMMpO85RLrQajvWbrBhyh7C-JPxr5ebxypdCRmbx2JyJbWMEeZVGCVbY8hK9gleASCW263wP_fh_F9sWTVrH/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan01.gif" /></a></div>
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i) Logam magnesium dioksidakan kerana atom magnesium kehilangan elektron untuk menjadi ion magnesium.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHjj_grLB0xuuoH8EmQ3U_iNtzXEZm7vL8_gj4Ik_-P6QWO7ol1c5CI95cIDJvt9ti7FTVxhdRHKThMYr4GNBNj4EU0h7pj2zB4oWBNLdnOI9u9bHiuUEPUZvxNGjr4UrLBkxuMjpjldne/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan02.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHjj_grLB0xuuoH8EmQ3U_iNtzXEZm7vL8_gj4Ik_-P6QWO7ol1c5CI95cIDJvt9ti7FTVxhdRHKThMYr4GNBNj4EU0h7pj2zB4oWBNLdnOI9u9bHiuUEPUZvxNGjr4UrLBkxuMjpjldne/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan02.gif" /></a></div>
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ii) Gas oksigen diturunkan kerana molekul oksigen menerima elektron dan menjadi ion oksida.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZtaEgL5-kOlsIXEw6DS9QHcfJT6TjchhUEebxONnT-RlUvHjDGoe213AkeVXTP-0Bmr-4mR8dXiEc078yVsH7gdBkG8B3rRpHkDW0rbAfeLRjQPAvcT1S2oh9KjqFYl-3Lt4w64E3dW29/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan03.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZtaEgL5-kOlsIXEw6DS9QHcfJT6TjchhUEebxONnT-RlUvHjDGoe213AkeVXTP-0Bmr-4mR8dXiEc078yVsH7gdBkG8B3rRpHkDW0rbAfeLRjQPAvcT1S2oh9KjqFYl-3Lt4w64E3dW29/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan03.gif" /></a></div>
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iii) Proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku <b>secara serentak</b>. Tindak balas ini disebut sebagai <b>tindak balas redoks</b>.</div>
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iv) Oksigen adalah agen pengoksidaan.</div>
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v) Magnesium adalah agen penurunan.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 2</span></b></div>
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Tindak balas logam natrium dengan gas klorin.</div>
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i) Logam natrium dioksidakan kerana atom natrium kehilangan elektron untuk menjadi ion natrium.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCx32XTRnPM0F7Dn3YHbZsuSAiDHK-VPw7agBSkchZ6WYbtYZKutmgjHhwbdP9fOQgI9PNqYDkIKcLQ0cPXVDnDXyqtpcyuuWmnmqdKsSidPm3DzUeoGGbXoAH9cYS7XaDNj1O7t5svuZf/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan05.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCx32XTRnPM0F7Dn3YHbZsuSAiDHK-VPw7agBSkchZ6WYbtYZKutmgjHhwbdP9fOQgI9PNqYDkIKcLQ0cPXVDnDXyqtpcyuuWmnmqdKsSidPm3DzUeoGGbXoAH9cYS7XaDNj1O7t5svuZf/s1600/pengoksidaan_penurunan05.gif" /></a></div>
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ii) Gas klorin diturunkan kerana molekul klorin menerima elektron untuk menjadi ion klorida.</div>
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iii) Proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku <b>secara serentak</b>. Tindak balas ini dipanggil <b>tindak balas redoks</b>.</div>
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iv) Klorin ialah agen pengoksidaan.</div>
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v) Natrium ialah agen penurunan.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Perhatikan bahawa:</span></b></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Agen pengoksidaan</b> merupakan <b>penerima elektron</b>.<br /></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Agen penurunan</b> merupakan <b>penderma elekton</b>.</li>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-89157116290158341542016-03-02T14:37:00.003+08:002016-03-02T14:39:08.911+08:00Kesan jumlah luas permukaan pepejal terhadap kadar tindak balas<div style="text-align: justify;">
Semakin kecil saiz pepejal, semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan yang terdedah untuk bertindak balas, maka semakin tinggi kadar tindak balasnya.</div>
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Kajian mengenai kesan jumlah luas permukaan pepejal terhadap tindak balas, bebiasaannya dilakukan dengan menjalankan eksperimen tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik dengan kalsium karbonat yang berbeza saiz, iaitu, ketulan besar dan ketulan kecil. <u>Sila rujuk buku teks / rujukan lain</u> untuk keterangan lanjut mengenai eksperimen ini.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Radas eksperimen kajian tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">dengan ketulan kalsium karbonat.</span></div>
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Berdasarkan kepada eksperimen tersebut, <b>kesimpulan</b> yang dapat dibuat adalah, semakin kecilnya saiz kalsium karbonat, semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan yang terdedah untuk bertindak balas, semakin tingginya kadar tindak balas.</div>
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Oleh itu, ketulan kecil kalsium karbonat yang mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan yang lebih besar bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik lebih cepat berbanding dengan ketulan besar kalsium karbonat.</div>
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Jika kita mengambil contoh dalam kehidupan seharian, pil ubat dibuat daripada serbuk yang dimampatkan agar ubat dapat bertindak balas dengan cepat kerana semakin kecilnya saiz ubat (iaitu dalam bentuk serbuk), semakin besar jumlah luas permukaan yang terdedah untuk bertindak balas, jadi semakin tinggilah kadar tindak balas.</div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-86991532203857041072016-02-16T13:51:00.000+08:002016-02-16T13:52:21.415+08:00Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sesuatu tindak balas yang <b>sama</b> dapat berlaku dalam <b>kadar yang berlainan</b> bergantung pada keadaan tindak balas.</div>
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Faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar sesuatu tindak balas ialah:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Saiz pepejal</b> yang bertindak balas (jumlah luas permukaan pepejal).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Kepekatan</b> larutan yang bertindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Suhu</b> tindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Tekanan</b> gas yang bertindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Penggunaan mangkin</b> dalam tindak balas.</li>
</ul>
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Kadar sesuatu tindak balas adalah lebih tinggi jika tindak balas itu menggunakan:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pepejal dengan saiz yang lebih halus (jumlah luas permukaan lebih besar).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Larutan berkepekatan tinggi.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Suhu tindak balas yang lebih tinggi.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Tekanan gas yang lebih tinggi.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mangkin positif yang sesuai.</li>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-84175678587705432192016-01-12T00:27:00.001+08:002016-01-12T00:29:39.044+08:00Elektrolisis<div style="text-align: justify;">
Menurut <b>teori ion</b>:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Sebatian ion yang lebur atau terlarut dalam air merupakan elektrolit.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Sebahagian sebatian kovalen yang larut dalam air menjadi elektrolit. Ini adalah kerana ikatan kovalen dalam molekul terputus dan pengionan menghasilkan ion-ion yang bebas bergerak.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ion-ion yang bebas bergerak dalam leburan dan larutan akueus mengkonduksikan arus elektrik.</li>
</ul>
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<b>Elektrolisis</b> (electrolysis) ialah proses dimana suatu leburan atau larutan akueus garam (elektrolit) <b>diuraikan</b> oleh arus elektrik kepada unsur-unsur juzuknya.</div>
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<b>Sel elektolisis</b> terdiri daripada punca elektrik (bateri), elektrod (katod, anod), dan elektrolit.</div>
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Arus elektrik daripada litar luar mengalir menerusi elektrolit melalui <b>dua elektrod</b>. Rod karbon (<b>grafit</b>) ialah <b>elektrod</b> yang biasa digunakan.</div>
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Anod (anode) ialah elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal positif bateri, manakala katod (cathode) ialah elektrod yang disambung kepada terminal negatif bateri.</div>
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Anod ialah elektrod positif yang menarik ion negatif (<b>anion</b>), manakala katod ialah elektrod negatif yang menarik ion positif (<b>kation</b>).</div>
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Semasa elektrolisis berlaku, kation tertarik kepada katod. Di katod, kation <b>menyahcas</b> dengan menerima elektron untuk membentuk atom unsur asalnya. </div>
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Juga semasa elektrolisis berlaku, anion tertarik kepada anod. Di anod, anion <b>menyahcas</b> dengan melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk atom unsur asalnya.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFRDf_xe0ZkqECR7rlJ4l0Fy-lAFR7V4Bm2_WoELKXHXMjQmc9mVZMut-Ojx9DhTbahgL8AW3M3z4z7CJHULmJ8Mf6z52WLWJhhumOqOJP-gXnbgso-nxqPNP7DnYTH_lY7uN3F-q5MwEY/s1600/electrolysis_cell_move_anion_cation.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFRDf_xe0ZkqECR7rlJ4l0Fy-lAFR7V4Bm2_WoELKXHXMjQmc9mVZMut-Ojx9DhTbahgL8AW3M3z4z7CJHULmJ8Mf6z52WLWJhhumOqOJP-gXnbgso-nxqPNP7DnYTH_lY7uN3F-q5MwEY/s400/electrolysis_cell_move_anion_cation.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sel elektolisis yang menunjukkan pergerakan ion </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">(anion tertarik kepada anod dan kation tertarik kepada katod).</span></div>
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Proses <b>nyahcas</b> (discharge) ialah proses dimana cas pada ion dineutralkan dengan menerima atau melepaskan elektron apabila ion-ion bersentuhan dengan elektrod masing-masing.</div>
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Fakta penting bagi <b>proses elektrolisis</b>:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pergerakan kation ke katod.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pergerakan anion ke anod.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Proses nyahcas berlaku di katod dan di anod.</li>
</ul>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-29384496166221147662015-12-28T03:22:00.003+08:002015-12-28T03:24:25.719+08:00Pencemaran Alam Sekitar Oleh Asid Sulfurik<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gas sulfur dioksida melarut dalam air hujan dan menghasilkan asid sulfurus (sulfurous acid).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC5k7DtpDbn8q78ccopa6UvQeXc7fV9xLClk9lwVhNit6_pFRUN9FMBvV_CcwTMTISP71IwwMLn_ikdFnlwEdOuhITl4JmKlzysQbZXeYFPmHN4h1AxxX9K-xMvnPZgp0ALTUaROYO1hRG/s1600/pencemaran_sd_01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhC5k7DtpDbn8q78ccopa6UvQeXc7fV9xLClk9lwVhNit6_pFRUN9FMBvV_CcwTMTISP71IwwMLn_ikdFnlwEdOuhITl4JmKlzysQbZXeYFPmHN4h1AxxX9K-xMvnPZgp0ALTUaROYO1hRG/s1600/pencemaran_sd_01.gif" /></a></div>
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Sulfur dioksida juga bertindak balas dengan oksigen di udara untuk menghasilkan sulfur trioksida.</div>
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Sulfur trioksida yang melarut dalam air hujan menghasilkan asid sulfurik.</div>
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Asid sulfurus dan asid sulfurik menyebabkan <b>hujan asid</b> dengan nilai pHnya lebih rendah daripada 5.6.</div>
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Hujan asid yang bersifat mengakis <b>merosakkan bangunan</b> yang berstruktur logam, berbatu marmar, atau konkrit.</div>
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Hujan asid yang mengalir ke dalam sungai, tasik, atau lautan akan menukarkan pH air dan menyebabkan <b>kematian hidupan akuatik</b>.</div>
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Hujan asid juga mengubah pH tanah dan menyebabkan <b>kualiti tanaman terjejas</b>.</div>
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Kita harus mengurangkan pembebasan gas sulfur dioksida ke atmosfera.</div>
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Selain itu, teknologi untuk menyingkirkan kandungan sulfur dalam bahan api fosil harus digalakkan.</div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-40645775314174118212015-11-24T13:08:00.000+08:002015-11-24T13:38:33.742+08:00Sifat Fizik Alkana<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sifat-sifat fizik alkana adalah seperti:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ketumpatan yang rendah.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Tidak mengkonduksi arus elektrik.</li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Takat lebur dan takat didih</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Pada keseluruhannya, takat lebur dan takat didihnya adalah <b>rendah</b> kerana alkana terdiri daripada <b>molekul-molekul kovalen ringkas</b>. <b>Daya Van Der Waals</b> di antara molekul alkana adalah <b>lemah</b>, jadi hanya sedikit haba diperlukan untuk memecahkan daya tarikan antara molekul ini supaya peleburan dan pendidihan dapat berlaku.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Apabila bilangan atom karbon per molekul <b>bertambah</b>, saiz molekul semakin bertambah. <b>Daya Van Der Waals</b> antara molekul-molekul yang lebih besar adalah lebih <b>kuat</b>. Maka, lebih banyak haba diperlukan untuk memecahkan daya tarikan antara molekul ini supaya peleburan dan pendidihan dapat berlaku. Takat lebur dan takat didihnya meningkat bagi alkana yang bersaiz lebih besar.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Ketumpatan</span></b></div>
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<br />
Semua alkana mempunyai ketumpatan yang rendah disebabkan <b>daya Van Der Waals</b> antara molekul adalah <b>lemah</b>. Oleh itu, molekul-molekul disusun dengan kurang padat. Ketumpatan alkana <b>kurang</b> daripada ketumpatan air.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Apabila bilangan atom karbon per molekul <b>bertambah</b>, molekul alkana dengan saiz yang semakin bertambah dapat menarik antara satu sama lain dengan <b>daya Van Der Waals</b> antara molekul yang lebih <b>kuat</b>. Oleh itu, molekul-molekul yang lebih besar disusun dengan lebih padat dan ketumpatannya pun <b>bertambah</b>.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Kelarutan dalam air</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Semua alkana <b>tidak larut</b> dalam air kerana alkana merupakan sebatian kovalen yang hanya larut dalam pelarut organik seperti eter dan benzena.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Kekonduksian elektrik</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Semua alkana adalah sebatian kovalen yang terdiri daripada molekul ringkas yang tiada ion-ion yang bebas bergerak. Oleh itu, alkana <b>tidak</b> mengkonduksikan arus elektrik.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan sifat fizik sepuluh ahli pertama alkana.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alkana<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formula
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">molekul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">molekul<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">relatif<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Takat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(°C)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Takat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(°C)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keadaan fizik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada keadaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bilik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketumpatan pada<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keadaan bilik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(g cm<sup>−3</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CH<sub>4</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−162<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−182<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Etana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−183<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Propana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−188<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0018<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Butana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">58<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−138<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.0024<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pentana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−130<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heksana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heptana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">98<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−90<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.68<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oktana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">114<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">126<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nonana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">128<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">153<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dekana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">174<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">−30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-14952271535332913192015-11-08T01:46:00.002+08:002015-11-08T01:48:42.761+08:00Sepuluh Ahli Pertama Alkana<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<ol>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Metana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">CH<sub>4</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2KtdXpevnW5z9PfUD6jUSsuLuNbtfONV5eOK5XCBZYuPbPFIzaxLC8BzEvfmHWykLSiCCrh3opzCUIXwjx-Li7BDZSlhDrvCncQixEP9zVYMc5a6V1xwY33yvL-Zv42rW1q5LZljIDTOg/s1600/str01_metana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2KtdXpevnW5z9PfUD6jUSsuLuNbtfONV5eOK5XCBZYuPbPFIzaxLC8BzEvfmHWykLSiCCrh3opzCUIXwjx-Li7BDZSlhDrvCncQixEP9zVYMc5a6V1xwY33yvL-Zv42rW1q5LZljIDTOg/s1600/str01_metana.gif" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Etana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnD1lDd44pwawdLR5LzkUuqrfe5XRUm7xZDtjaIccPi0b1cpLG1K7qlNK9AdLLDnPI3vu1Jr2P2JzS1mfnGGkwNDKVIBQGNZ7qA1d97hyphenhyphenIk7kdzy8QHC7clwJDEWYmZiyzFHgou-uqAbrB/s1600/str02_etana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnD1lDd44pwawdLR5LzkUuqrfe5XRUm7xZDtjaIccPi0b1cpLG1K7qlNK9AdLLDnPI3vu1Jr2P2JzS1mfnGGkwNDKVIBQGNZ7qA1d97hyphenhyphenIk7kdzy8QHC7clwJDEWYmZiyzFHgou-uqAbrB/s1600/str02_etana.gif" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Propana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1Qn_tV285swBRaszsqDesYg_kZQIHpR9ag_Hc8D9kk15Ivd-uQuJnqICNym3-r405H5h25kkOVw3I_xSDz4RO1uLUQKSTebgAhpIfpm8-db9HL9H949kktt1Ewl08ca2q72G7aJHwl-j/s1600/str03_propana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN1Qn_tV285swBRaszsqDesYg_kZQIHpR9ag_Hc8D9kk15Ivd-uQuJnqICNym3-r405H5h25kkOVw3I_xSDz4RO1uLUQKSTebgAhpIfpm8-db9HL9H949kktt1Ewl08ca2q72G7aJHwl-j/s200/str03_propana.gif" width="200" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Butana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3836Kfr6ze-jVwoacfR1v9_ZPZVDe5B4mn6SduUvC3kA6aAB8l4X74WRMPE4DoHKUdY4-rBquChXta7-HVUa10OXZA2AEtWmMi4GBrPex8wMltcEdquqcDw1DqNVk4bz9KpjIraoUTS51/s1600/str04_butana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="94" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3836Kfr6ze-jVwoacfR1v9_ZPZVDe5B4mn6SduUvC3kA6aAB8l4X74WRMPE4DoHKUdY4-rBquChXta7-HVUa10OXZA2AEtWmMi4GBrPex8wMltcEdquqcDw1DqNVk4bz9KpjIraoUTS51/s200/str04_butana.gif" width="200" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Pentana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwSg11KbquG2xyF8i5fyoMK-0y3NtH0hV0QNoEEz3IYW4paxaxfkKcXEFPdFYjDrBYju0YaNFzPdsqK0NQluHP-7BOn2SwTwfhXYPhF9gQJXTVyoVp4WBRx7gbIFC-NWGSUMMTI_nLupXI/s1600/str05_pentana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="79" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwSg11KbquG2xyF8i5fyoMK-0y3NtH0hV0QNoEEz3IYW4paxaxfkKcXEFPdFYjDrBYju0YaNFzPdsqK0NQluHP-7BOn2SwTwfhXYPhF9gQJXTVyoVp4WBRx7gbIFC-NWGSUMMTI_nLupXI/s200/str05_pentana.gif" width="200" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Heksana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTP5uUrWYXXaQyM4dJ14XkMUzkLeancA3suZ7Rs27d5xQWYszlaSXZQJtlhSEx8pK3svO586cDOXu7L-NESJfh5Fc2VPX3iXyifIFS3D5xSsQNs-85ya_3bX32BSusbYxC44dg2OEiSnB_/s1600/str06_heksana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTP5uUrWYXXaQyM4dJ14XkMUzkLeancA3suZ7Rs27d5xQWYszlaSXZQJtlhSEx8pK3svO586cDOXu7L-NESJfh5Fc2VPX3iXyifIFS3D5xSsQNs-85ya_3bX32BSusbYxC44dg2OEiSnB_/s320/str06_heksana.gif" width="320" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Heptana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQoXvoVzuiEiJ5vyjg27jzSf9XfFUTQ2jggehUzMGSzfGx6sNWwLgBV06vYWcrwu7MN0p4RT7ZUo22_rZFbuBKBeCyyUyI-0blTDWXBg0ImFdKRa_jtH3qHLEsshN1JZDp17T04EYDv0Wd/s1600/str07_heptana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQoXvoVzuiEiJ5vyjg27jzSf9XfFUTQ2jggehUzMGSzfGx6sNWwLgBV06vYWcrwu7MN0p4RT7ZUo22_rZFbuBKBeCyyUyI-0blTDWXBg0ImFdKRa_jtH3qHLEsshN1JZDp17T04EYDv0Wd/s320/str07_heptana.gif" width="320" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Oktana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ZR030NjfPJ3-SYh2zzzdm7gqG92SahBXClfZgGhkQoZUbLu9Ni5JygO7elp8Ki69-vL7xqfaIMqW9POgGCcZMbkF4pfXVmBRBof4W7OIbbt-Q_zb3r1SDLc6-Dl-rT5_JR7-VJmEIJWC/s1600/str08_oktana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ZR030NjfPJ3-SYh2zzzdm7gqG92SahBXClfZgGhkQoZUbLu9Ni5JygO7elp8Ki69-vL7xqfaIMqW9POgGCcZMbkF4pfXVmBRBof4W7OIbbt-Q_zb3r1SDLc6-Dl-rT5_JR7-VJmEIJWC/s400/str08_oktana.gif" width="400" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Nonana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3D3PelbJ-b5ago-V5gCecceluk8fjPIamvyv4_FKkPxHN4HL2D76TlibF6jQtwWWQfEGNKysMXVRcrr9AJ-O1YK4mbo6kLKNblCPF0HC38Jf0RwfvKC2kLSJmmn4BldDVQyBLp-VPlmAA/s1600/str09_nonana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3D3PelbJ-b5ago-V5gCecceluk8fjPIamvyv4_FKkPxHN4HL2D76TlibF6jQtwWWQfEGNKysMXVRcrr9AJ-O1YK4mbo6kLKNblCPF0HC38Jf0RwfvKC2kLSJmmn4BldDVQyBLp-VPlmAA/s400/str09_nonana.gif" width="400" /></a><br /></li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Nama alkana: <b>Dekana</b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula molekul: <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub></span></b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Formula struktur:</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWtBXG5itqrLtizmz7_s3JONQ7h1jNxL__GEdB0ybSYZcFWmoE45foPI_lCL3HtL3Csa8Fj7zduohjeD2FXJWUbS__wLz6PQiDsDXWb0StPYGMSUJOc05HdcpOp_WVSrMqZzcCrIfO3SyS/s1600/str10_dekana.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWtBXG5itqrLtizmz7_s3JONQ7h1jNxL__GEdB0ybSYZcFWmoE45foPI_lCL3HtL3Csa8Fj7zduohjeD2FXJWUbS__wLz6PQiDsDXWb0StPYGMSUJOc05HdcpOp_WVSrMqZzcCrIfO3SyS/s400/str10_dekana.gif" width="400" /></a></li>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-90836252466452964112015-10-15T14:36:00.001+08:002015-10-26T02:09:36.818+08:00Gambar Rajah Aras Tenaga<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Gambar rajah aras tenaga</b> ialah gambar rajah yang menunjukkan perubahan kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas dalam suatu tindak balas kimia.</div>
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Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas <b>eksotermik</b> mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berikut:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah tenaga bahan tindak bals melebihi jumlah tenaga hasil tindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Perbezaan antara jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dengan hasil tindak balas merupakan <b>haba tindak balas</b>, <b>Δ<i>H</i></b>, yang <b>dibebaskan</b> ke sekeliling.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Haba tindak balas, Δ<i>H</i>, bernilai negatif.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas eksotermik adalah seperti berikut:</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTKwW1IZo_DMia1BCvCQTWykQ-6AVmZHMBzYsYJ9HYx637nq8_eUpslhfoW_Zn3WV2e8AL113PZejZkop_LHRDd_xof4vqQl8X5ALbd5v1LGZ-cvXKIByLUAjYtWDPEG0cYA2MiZ9-wtg/s1600/gr_arastenaga_01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcTKwW1IZo_DMia1BCvCQTWykQ-6AVmZHMBzYsYJ9HYx637nq8_eUpslhfoW_Zn3WV2e8AL113PZejZkop_LHRDd_xof4vqQl8X5ALbd5v1LGZ-cvXKIByLUAjYtWDPEG0cYA2MiZ9-wtg/s1600/gr_arastenaga_01.gif" /></a></div>
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Sebagai contohnya, tindak balas peneutralan antara asid hidroklorik cair dengan larutan natrium hidroksida ialah tindak balas eksotermik. 57 kJ haba terbebas apabila 1 mol air terhasil dalam tindak balas ini. <b>Persamaan termokimia</b> bagi tindak balas ini ialah</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOo013MQS9wlIndg1bvqgzhhW7l2Ue-L-TyHogEl9S5NeuOzgkdHpejZs8JEu2Bntxn5-Swhxs02UkpXKZGOgSb_O4oAjnHf9AsvFqdSoW7mwJUcJRGUzSTdDzW8kNTxH_JBm9n-YIDwL4/s1600/gr_arastenaga_02.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOo013MQS9wlIndg1bvqgzhhW7l2Ue-L-TyHogEl9S5NeuOzgkdHpejZs8JEu2Bntxn5-Swhxs02UkpXKZGOgSb_O4oAjnHf9AsvFqdSoW7mwJUcJRGUzSTdDzW8kNTxH_JBm9n-YIDwL4/s1600/gr_arastenaga_02.gif" /></a></div>
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Gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini ialah:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEismgizZusPITYLQrfFsU8VWZ2l-UWn5jf7qFBfKMB5bYM0RlDgWdJJif6BALoIhqaWkhGNCkhxdj5GFBo511I_yeukkkzfJHYxRYjcDQKy-LPstG3f15sFsnRTXkGKW_ra0zMdYfDIMRHu/s1600/gr_arastenaga_03.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEismgizZusPITYLQrfFsU8VWZ2l-UWn5jf7qFBfKMB5bYM0RlDgWdJJif6BALoIhqaWkhGNCkhxdj5GFBo511I_yeukkkzfJHYxRYjcDQKy-LPstG3f15sFsnRTXkGKW_ra0zMdYfDIMRHu/s1600/gr_arastenaga_03.gif" /></a></div>
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Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas <b>endotermik</b> mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berikut:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah tenaga hasil tindak balas melebihi jumlah tenaga baha tindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Perbezaan antara jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dengan hasil tindak balas merupakan <b>haba tindak balas</b>, <b>Δ<i>H</i></b>, yang <b>diserap</b> dari sekeliling.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Haba tindak balas, Δ<i>H</i>, adalah positif.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas endotermik adalah seperti berikut:</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFB70dK2c9ghlYec_myLSQNdgPCD7STGBiPFMhSuNI3RPIbpny2ETETdF7vJUTlM7FJbVnr5dqliXmoWrpkKmc-FqSL1Ydv_z2cHiesqlB8yHxQbPcserjw9QpgYeDHu161IOXO9xTny7E/s1600/gr_arastenaga_04.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFB70dK2c9ghlYec_myLSQNdgPCD7STGBiPFMhSuNI3RPIbpny2ETETdF7vJUTlM7FJbVnr5dqliXmoWrpkKmc-FqSL1Ydv_z2cHiesqlB8yHxQbPcserjw9QpgYeDHu161IOXO9xTny7E/s1600/gr_arastenaga_04.gif" /></a></div>
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Sebagai contohnya, tindak balas pendehidratan magnesium sulfat terhidrat menyerap haba. 92 kJ haba diserap apabila 1 mol magnesium sulfat terhidrat mengalami pendehidratan. <b>Persamaan termokimia</b> bagi tindak balas ini ialah:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGcP-vt_2xygP-TXCey8rBE3Y_k8clNbuRILseq56Q9PF9s0g9qdviuH0rJMJLWN0xyP4jsnjZLRpetcEA0dPJxlfW7xJPlShZ7n7z0MA9c-M6kIyW4W5xqdBCWTHCEURekrk97fLBQcDD/s1600/gr_arastenaga_05.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGcP-vt_2xygP-TXCey8rBE3Y_k8clNbuRILseq56Q9PF9s0g9qdviuH0rJMJLWN0xyP4jsnjZLRpetcEA0dPJxlfW7xJPlShZ7n7z0MA9c-M6kIyW4W5xqdBCWTHCEURekrk97fLBQcDD/s1600/gr_arastenaga_05.gif" /></a></div>
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Gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini ialah:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndRLWIywyJjzCLoFHCU0MVFtkHVM4h91T0ntnLdZDD9cbJ4Z0ioIuFKAswrvhCrOLdFXwSkZ-cahHAreImVz-3IBJZhSAjKVW4vZOJyMuXCMMyelsNF7LJo0TUdxw7wxDUgli-ynJiDFi/s1600/gr_arastenaga_06.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjndRLWIywyJjzCLoFHCU0MVFtkHVM4h91T0ntnLdZDD9cbJ4Z0ioIuFKAswrvhCrOLdFXwSkZ-cahHAreImVz-3IBJZhSAjKVW4vZOJyMuXCMMyelsNF7LJo0TUdxw7wxDUgli-ynJiDFi/s1600/gr_arastenaga_06.gif" /></a></div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-85124485064111852832015-10-05T15:24:00.000+08:002015-10-26T02:09:47.623+08:00Sifat Alkali<div style="text-align: justify;">
Larutan akueus alkali mempunyai rasa pahit.</div>
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Larutan akueus alkali adalah licin seperti sabun.</div>
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Larutan akueus alkali mempunyai pH lebih daripada 7 dan menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru.</div>
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Larutan akueus alkali meneutralkan asid dalam tindak balas peneutralan untuk menghasilkan garam dan air sahaja.</div>
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Contohnya,</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUviZsVRNpGPqyhs1azzB1XeRU-leD90B7UwPdx4014cgMR80RUmB726_U0fxcmHpPZXhDeq4pNp5aSBix8xjXrzHjZTnRAxLc4NG6TnqenN5k2CavmwW5T0r0l6YReLbBTV7w3ZV7AIA4/s1600/sifat_alkali.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUviZsVRNpGPqyhs1azzB1XeRU-leD90B7UwPdx4014cgMR80RUmB726_U0fxcmHpPZXhDeq4pNp5aSBix8xjXrzHjZTnRAxLc4NG6TnqenN5k2CavmwW5T0r0l6YReLbBTV7w3ZV7AIA4/s1600/sifat_alkali.gif" /></a></div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-75433372598875834052015-09-17T02:02:00.003+08:002015-10-26T02:09:58.159+08:00Penamaan Alkana<div style="text-align: justify;">
Alkana ialah satu siri homolog hidrokarbon dengan formula am <b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<i><sub>n</sub></i>H<sub>2<i>n</i>+2</sub></span></b> dimana <i>n</i> = 1, 2, 3, 4 … (<i>n</i> ialah bilangan atom karbon).</div>
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Ahli-ahli alkana dinamakan mengikut sistem penamaan UIPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).</div>
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Nama semua ahli alkana berakhir dengan <b>–ana</b>.</div>
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Nama bahagian awalan alkana adalah mengikut bilangan atom karbon dalam sesuatu molekul.</div>
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Langkah-langkah yang digunakan untuk menamakan <b>alkana rantai lurus</b> adalah seperti berikut:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Namakan bahagian induk dengan menentukan bilangan atom karbon dalam rantai karbon.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Tambah –ana pada hujung nama.</li>
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<b>Formula molekul</b> ialah formula yang menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis atom unsur hadir yang sebenarnya dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian.</div>
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<b>Formula struktur</b> ialah formula yang menunjukkan susunan atom-atom dan ikatan kovalen antara atom-atom dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian.</div>
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Alkana yang teringkas mempunyai satu atom karbon dalam molekulnya. Maka formula molekulnya ialah <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">CH<sub>4</sub></span> dan disebut metana.</div>
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Alkana yang mempunyai dua atom karbon dalam molekulnya disebut etana.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Model molekul metana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Model molekul etana.</span></div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-62676131069482408932015-08-19T02:37:00.002+08:002015-08-19T03:17:46.360+08:00Alkana<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Alkana</b> (alkanes) ialah <b>hidrokarbon tepu</b> dengan atom karbon dan atom hidrogen dalam molekulnya terikat bersama-sama melalui <b>ikatan kovalen tunggal</b>.</div>
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Setiap atom karbon dalam molekul alkana terikat dengan empat ikatan kovalen tunggal, manakala setiap atom hidrogen terikat dengan satu ikatan kovalen tunggal.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Struktur kimia metana (alkana yang paling ringkas).</span></div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-91146574617916289152015-07-09T02:36:00.001+08:002015-08-09T16:24:26.204+08:00Tindak Balas Endotermik<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tindak balas <b>endotermik</b> ialah tindak balas dimana tenaga <b>haba diserap</b> dari sekeliling.</div>
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<b>Suhu</b> sekeliling, iaitu suhu campuran tindak balas menurun dan bekas tindak balas menjadi sejuk.</div>
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Perubahan tenaga utama dalam tindak balas endotermik ialah <b>perubahan tenaga haba kepada tenaga kimia</b>.</div>
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Haba diserap dari sekeliling dan ditukarkan kepada tenaga kimia yang diperlukan untuk melakukan tindak balas. Oleh itu, jumlah tenaga bahan tindak balas adalah <b>kurang</b> daripada jumlah tenaga hasil tindak balas dalam tindak balas endotermik.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tenaga haba diserap semasa </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">tindak </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">balas endotermik berlaku.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Contoh tidak balas endotermik</span></b></div>
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<b>Penguraian garam karbonat</b>. </div>
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Kalsium karbonat terurai kepada kalsium oksida dan gas karbon dioksida apabila haba dibekalkan.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKh-B_p1TVv0684NAudFIEz1agO5gPp1yIvybCtCjIhIsdv9QbmzpA7BrOzssbh8md6tC7JSkH7JQWMjV9ikD1FxHpJ2E9mOul20qdoHIdpTAIe_qsk0gPNz-VcTohspWcRDVz5yE04rTO/s1600/endothermic_02.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKh-B_p1TVv0684NAudFIEz1agO5gPp1yIvybCtCjIhIsdv9QbmzpA7BrOzssbh8md6tC7JSkH7JQWMjV9ikD1FxHpJ2E9mOul20qdoHIdpTAIe_qsk0gPNz-VcTohspWcRDVz5yE04rTO/s1600/endothermic_02.gif" /></a></div>
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<b>Penguraian garam nitrat oleh haba</b>. </div>
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Magnesium nitrat terurai kepada magnesium oksida, gas nitrogen dioksida, dan gas oksigen apabila haba dibekalkan.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNPSLjTEHmwsdwgl8mDZhnpBxIDFEJiiPhiT485gJGhPLa5ERiJJMwlAbRkSqJMIXd7cBmC_qqhX3xvveZm3BU9zAnAyZbTGdaAAPLY-NU3ZgqyUz4Igm_-7dELgYmWoSaiB_90ezPh81/s1600/endothermic_03.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDNPSLjTEHmwsdwgl8mDZhnpBxIDFEJiiPhiT485gJGhPLa5ERiJJMwlAbRkSqJMIXd7cBmC_qqhX3xvveZm3BU9zAnAyZbTGdaAAPLY-NU3ZgqyUz4Igm_-7dELgYmWoSaiB_90ezPh81/s1600/endothermic_03.gif" /></a></div>
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<b>Tindakan haba ke atas garam terhidrat</b>. </div>
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Apabila garam terhidrat dipanaskan, wap air terbebas dan garam kontang terhasil.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHN8jbH8nZ_wMsVFnB6Mlmgk9LD7_VSln7BTS3VDVVsdNSVcUY7NBd_fvEneJtG2GdAoMXbMLGkO1o6qlnwRlpK8t68NRmkhI-vAI1Gp2xK7f2zAVA3gGwvNpsCtm3zUGm2ark1fZ8rGj/s1600/endothermic_04.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOHN8jbH8nZ_wMsVFnB6Mlmgk9LD7_VSln7BTS3VDVVsdNSVcUY7NBd_fvEneJtG2GdAoMXbMLGkO1o6qlnwRlpK8t68NRmkhI-vAI1Gp2xK7f2zAVA3gGwvNpsCtm3zUGm2ark1fZ8rGj/s1600/endothermic_04.gif" /></a></div>
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<b>Tindak balas antara asid cair dengan kalium hidrogen karbonat</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkHTM_Kfx6lZLbY0S_5AgnoEwyKh9giCWJDdkcX0b3AXAeWJfjLXr0_ebNOyXSqL08u2XcZ9WvR1WCDkd8gmbLMCYgvoyNqssQybdb3WMI1AQp0h51Z8-n2lmEcWCMtnDdNA8LclSDXxn/s1600/endothermic_05.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkHTM_Kfx6lZLbY0S_5AgnoEwyKh9giCWJDdkcX0b3AXAeWJfjLXr0_ebNOyXSqL08u2XcZ9WvR1WCDkd8gmbLMCYgvoyNqssQybdb3WMI1AQp0h51Z8-n2lmEcWCMtnDdNA8LclSDXxn/s1600/endothermic_05.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkHTM_Kfx6lZLbY0S_5AgnoEwyKh9giCWJDdkcX0b3AXAeWJfjLXr0_ebNOyXSqL08u2XcZ9WvR1WCDkd8gmbLMCYgvoyNqssQybdb3WMI1AQp0h51Z8-n2lmEcWCMtnDdNA8LclSDXxn/s1600/endothermic_05.gif" /></a></div>
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Fakta penting bagi <b>tindak balas endotermik</b>:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Haba diserap dari persekitaran.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Suhu sekeliling menurun.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Campuran tindak balas dan bekas tindak balas terasa sejuk.</li>
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Fakta penting bagi <b>perubahan tenaga yang terlibat dalam tindak balas endotermik</b>:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas lebih tinggi daripada bahan tindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah tenaga yang diserap semasa pembentukan ikatan kimia baru melebihi jumlah tenaga yang terbebas semasa pemecahan ikatan lama.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Δ<i>H</i> adalah positif.</li>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-75358054424414837512015-06-22T02:27:00.002+08:002015-08-09T23:55:18.322+08:00Tindak Balas Eksotermik<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tindak balas <b>eksotermik</b> (exothermic reactions) ialah tindak balas di mana <b>tenaga haba dibebaskan</b> ke sekeliling.</div>
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<b>Suhu</b> sekeliling, iaitu suhu campuran tindak balas <b>menaik</b> dan bekas tindak balas menjadi <b>panas</b>.</div>
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Perubahan tenaga utama dalam tindak balas eksotermik ialah <b>perubahan tenaga kimia kepada tenaga haba</b>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Tenaga haba dibebaskan semasa </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">tindak balas eksotermik berlaku.</span></div>
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Tenaga kimia yang lebih dalam bahan tindak balas ditukarkan kepada tenaga haba, kemudiannya dibebaskan ke sekeliling semasa tindak balas berlaku. Oleh itu, jumlah tenaga bahan tindak balas adalah lebih <b>tinggi</b> daripada jumlah tenaga hasil tindak balas dalam tindak balas eksotermik.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Contoh tindak balas eksotermik:</b></span></div>
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<b>a) Tindak balas pembakaran bahan api seperti karbon, petrol dan alkohol.</b></div>
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i) Pembakaran karbon dalam gas oksigen menghasilkan tenaga haba.</div>
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ii) Pembakaran lengkap etanol dalam gas oksigen membebaskan haba.</div>
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<b>b) Tindak balas peneutralan.</b></div>
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Tindak balas peneutralan antara asid hidroklorik cair dengan larutan natrium hidroksida membebaskan haba.</div>
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<b>c) Tindak balas antara asid cair dengan garam karbonat.</b></div>
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Tindak balas antara asid hidroklorik cair dengan kalsium karbonat membebaskan haba.</div>
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<b>d) Tindak balas antara asid cair dengan logam lebih elektropositif seperti magnesium, zink dan aluminium.</b></div>
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Tindak balas antara asid sulfurik cair dengan pita magnesium membebaskan haba.</div>
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<b>e) Tindak balas penyesaran logam.</b></div>
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Tindak balas penyesaran (displacement) logam antara serbuk zink dengan larutan kuprum (II) sulfat membebaskan haba.</div>
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<b>f) Tindak balas logam natrium dengan air.</b></div>
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<b>g) Tindak balas antara air dengan kuprum (II) sulfat kontang.</b></div>
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<b>h) Pelarutan pepejal natrium hidroksida dalam air.</b></div>
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Kira-kira 5 g pepejal natrium hidroksida ditambah ke dalam kelalang kon yang mengandungi 50 cm3 air suling. Campuran dikacau supaya pepejal natrium hidroksida larut dalam air suling. Kelalang kon menjadi panas dan suhu larutan campuran menaik kerana pelarutan natrium hidroksida dalam air membebaskan haba.</div>
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Fakta penting bagi <b>tindak balas eksotermik</b>.</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Suhu sekeliling meningkat.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Campuran tindak balas dan bekas tindak balas terasa panas.</li>
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Fakta penting bagi <b>perubahan tenaga yang terlibat dalam tindak balas eksotermik</b>.</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas lebih tinggi daripada hasil tindak balas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jumlah tenaga yang terbebas semasa pembentukan ikatan kimia baru melebihi jumlah tenaga yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan lama.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Δ<i>H</i> adalah negatif.</li>
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</div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-28437636652918657042015-05-18T01:49:00.003+08:002015-08-09T23:56:18.991+08:00Kadar tindak balas purata dan kadar tindak balas pada masa tertentu<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kadar bagi suatu tindak balas dapat diukur sebagai:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Kadar tindak balas purata</b> dalam suatu tempoh.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Kadar tindak balas pada sesuatu masa tertentu</b>.</li>
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Kadar tindak balas purata adalah kadar tindak balas dalam <b>satu tempoh</b> tertentu.</div>
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Kadar tindak balas <b>pada sesuatu masa tertentu</b> ialah kadar tindak balas sebenar pada <b>ketika itu</b>.</div>
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Fakta penting bagi <b>penentuan kadar tindak balas pada sesuatu masa</b>:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Ditentukan daripada graf jumlah isipadu gas melawan masa.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Lukis tangen pada masa itu di atas graf.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Hitung kecerunan graf pada masa itu.</li>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Perhitungan yang melibatkan kadar tindak balas</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 1</span></b></div>
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Sekeping pita magnesium dengan jisim 0.5 g digunakan untuk bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik. Selepas 4 saat, semua pita magnesium telah melarut dengan sempurna. Apakah kadar tindak balas puratanya?</div>
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<b>Penyelesaian:</b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 2</span></b></div>
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Sebuk zink ditambahkan pada larutan asid sulfurik yang berlebihan. Tindak balas ini berlaku dengan lengkap dalam masa 60 s dengan 120 <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">cm<sup>3</sup></span> gas hidrogen dikumpulkan. Hitung kadar tindak balas puratanya.</div>
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<b>Penyelesaian:</b></div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-58096618609836029502015-05-08T11:56:00.004+08:002015-08-09T23:57:24.149+08:00Proses Pembuatan Asid Sulfurik Secara Industri<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Proses Sentuh</b> (contact process) terdiri daripada <b>tiga peringkat</b>.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Peringkat I</span>: Penghasilan sulfur dioksida</b></div>
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Pembakaran serbuk sulfur dalam udara (gas oksigen) untuk menghasilkan gas sulfur dioksida.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUslb_LbGu39G9k0JIhyphenhyphend4YxZFBHCfXohJfdunTAYuLYmIk9WvV7spy4jJm90cpm5HbcXq-LswOIQRaL6R-EjCyaPgJZgItuD2hozI7k_yrN9HVGgQWrLt9iS8c4GXXCzBDU15EjOilJv/s1600/tindakbalas_sulfur_dioksida.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUUslb_LbGu39G9k0JIhyphenhyphend4YxZFBHCfXohJfdunTAYuLYmIk9WvV7spy4jJm90cpm5HbcXq-LswOIQRaL6R-EjCyaPgJZgItuD2hozI7k_yrN9HVGgQWrLt9iS8c4GXXCzBDU15EjOilJv/s1600/tindakbalas_sulfur_dioksida.gif" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Peringkat II</span>: Penghasilan sulfur trioksida</b></div>
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Gas sulfur dioksida yang terhasil ditulenkan untuk menyingkirkan arsenik yang meracuni mangkin dalam tindak balas. Gas sulfur dioksida kemudiannya dipanaskan bersama-sama gas oksigen kering yang berlebihan. Pada suhu 450 °C – 500 °C dan tekanan 1 atmosfera, tindak balas berlaku dengan kehadiran mangkin vanadium (V) oksida, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></span>, untuk menghasilkan sulfur trioksida. Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku adalah:</div>
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Dibawah keadaan tindak balas yang <b>optimum</b> ini, 98% sulfur trioksida dihasilkan. Sulfur dioksida yang tidak ditukarkan kepada sulfur trioksida dialir semula ke menara untuk bertindak balas.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Peringkat III</span>: Penghasilan asid sulfurik</b></div>
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Sulfur trioksida yang terhasil dialir melalui asid sulfurik pekat untuk membentuk oleum, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></span>. Pencairan oleum dengan air menghasilkan asid sulfurik, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span>. Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku adalah:</div>
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Platinum dan vanadium (V) oksida bertindak sebagai mangkin dalam Proses Sentuh. Vanadium (V) oksida lebih biasa digunakan daripada platinum walaupun vanadium (V) oksida kurang berkesan. Ini disebabkan <b>vanadium (V) oksida lebih murah dan tidak mengalami keracunan arsenik</b>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Proses sentuh.</span></div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-65805142174282766882015-04-28T01:15:00.000+08:002015-08-09T23:58:28.106+08:00Bes dan Alkali<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Bes</b> ialah bahan yang <b>bertindak balas dengan asid</b> untuk menghasilkan <b>garam dan air sahaja</b>. Sebagai contoh,</div>
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Semua oksida dan hidroksida logam merupakan bes. Sebagai contohnya, magnesium oksida, kuprum (II) hidroksida, zink oksida, natrium hidroksida, dan kalium hidroksida.</div>
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<b>Bes yang larut dalam air</b> disebut <b>alkali</b>. Maka, natrium hidroksida dan kalium hidroksida yang larut dalam air disebut alkali. Magnesium oksida, kuprum (II) hidroksida, dan zink oksida yang tidak larut dalam air disebut bes.</div>
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Semua larutan akueus alkali mengandungi <b>ion hidroksida yang bebas</b>. Ion hidroksida dalam larutan akueus menyebabkan sesuatu alkali menunjukkan sifat alkali. Sebagai contoh,</div>
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Alkali dan bes banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan harian.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama bes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natrium hidroksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat sabun dan detergen, pembersih
kertas, dan mengilap kapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalsium hidroksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat simen, serbuk peluntur, dan
kapur tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan ammonia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat asid nitrik dan baja kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aluminium hidroksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat ubat gastrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnesium hidroksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat ubat gigi dan ubat gastrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-43328143976529356202015-04-09T16:16:00.005+08:002015-08-09T23:59:15.469+08:00Sifat Asid<div style="text-align: justify;">
Asid mempunyai rasa <b>masam</b>. Buah limau berasa masam kerana kehadiran asid nitrik.</div>
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Larutan akueus asid mempunyai <b>pH kurang daripada 7</b>. Larutan akueus asid menukarkan <b>kertas litmus biru menjadi merah</b>.</div>
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Larutan akueus asid bertindak balas dengan <b>logam yang lebih elektropositif daripada hidrogen</b> untuk menghasilkan <b>gas hidrogen</b>.</div>
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Sebagai contoh, asid hidroklorik cair bertindak balas dengan pita magnesium untuk membebaskan gas hidrogen.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB5xc5LvpfYlXk_n9ei9kZuWvqxqdnV2Tt6TXIaU4dw5HfX8EAjhg4ED7grEmIody2eLnq5mVdSpUuYdGBKBSsvuwHqY4gQRDx6cNw5Lo8Je8RM3pCilJQ4AVBeMESdVY-wHqryPA5YaT9/s1600/sifat_asid01.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB5xc5LvpfYlXk_n9ei9kZuWvqxqdnV2Tt6TXIaU4dw5HfX8EAjhg4ED7grEmIody2eLnq5mVdSpUuYdGBKBSsvuwHqY4gQRDx6cNw5Lo8Je8RM3pCilJQ4AVBeMESdVY-wHqryPA5YaT9/s1600/sifat_asid01.gif" /></a></div>
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Larutan akueus asid bertindak balas dengan <b>karbonat logam</b> untuk menghasilkan <b>gas karbon dioksida</b>.</div>
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Sebagai contoh, asid nitrik cair bertindak balas dengan kalsium karbonat untuk membebaskan gas karbon dioksida.</div>
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Larutan akueus asid bertindak balas dengan <b>bes</b> untuk menghasilkan <b>garam dan air sahaja</b> dalam tindak balas peneutralan. Sebagai contohnya,</div>
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a) Asid hidroklorik cair bertindakbalas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida untuk menghasilkan garam natrium klorida dan air sahaja.</div>
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b) Asid sulfurik cair bertindak balas dengan kuprum (II) oksida untuk menghasilkan garam kuprum (II) sulfat dan air sahaja.</div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-39226821139051203722015-03-30T04:13:00.002+08:002015-08-09T23:59:42.503+08:00Penyediaan Sabun<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bahan utama yang digunakan untuk membuat sabun ialah:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Lemak</b> haiwan atau <b>minyak tumbuhan</b>.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Larutan alkali seperti natrium hidroksida atau kalium hidroksida.</li>
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Proses <b>saponifikasi</b> (saponification) ialah tindak balas penghasilan sabun. Dalam proses saponifikasi, lemak atau minyak dipanaskan dengan larutan alkali seperti natrium hidroksida. Lemak atau minyak terurai kemudian membentuk garam natrium bagi asid lemak itu (sabun).</div>
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Jika alkali yang digunakan dalam proses saponifikasi ialah kalium hidroksida, sabun yang terbentuk ialah garam kalium bagi asid lemak itu.</div>
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Proses saponifikasi ialah gabungan dua tindak balas:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Hidrolisis ester</b> (minyak atau lemak) yang dimangkinkan oleh larutan beralkali.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Tindak balas peneutralan</b> antara asid lemak yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas hidrolisis dengan larutan beralkali.</li>
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Dalam proses hidrolisis, lemak atau minyak terurai menjadi gliserol dan asid lemak (perhatikan bahawa tindak balas hidrolisis ester merupakan songsangan bagi tindak balas pengesteran).</div>
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Asid lemak yang terbentuk kemudian dineutralkan oleh larutan alkali untuk membentuk garam asid lemak (sabun) dan air.</div>
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Tindak balas keseluruhan ialah proses saponifikasi: (I) + (II):</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6qT5vZWM-t3on7w8Do3slKpZuCJ30qXmZ-CDPVYTQIH0qM3vQYX7o03ReEHub8BwoIfoTRBi34LXcmiUtaEM96hCKtH7Xo_NhJPgqqqmpZBOEJ0CgXUpEwtl_3ehckjzRR7o2U7zaz3ZR/s1600/soap03.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6qT5vZWM-t3on7w8Do3slKpZuCJ30qXmZ-CDPVYTQIH0qM3vQYX7o03ReEHub8BwoIfoTRBi34LXcmiUtaEM96hCKtH7Xo_NhJPgqqqmpZBOEJ0CgXUpEwtl_3ehckjzRR7o2U7zaz3ZR/s1600/soap03.gif" height="20" width="400" /></a></div>
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Sebagai contohnya,</div>
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a) Asid palmitik <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOH</span> ialah sejenis asid lemak yang terkandung dalam minyak kelapa sawit. Sabun yang dibuat melalui proses saponifikasi minyak kelapa sawit ialah garam bagi asid palmitik, iaitu natrium palmitat, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOHNa</span>, atau kalium palmitat, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOK</span>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxE9glJ_7olIrKiygXWS510pFjKwU4q-A5CJ0NQRIJ11XBFD5-08L-mK2EgyH0AnET6cBEgUzntxWqm4RysUmM8RAlgPVWwkpE6IZckriVVCRjsc2AJ-fhCTvU41nI1GVTjff1AxjbQ5E6/s1600/soap07.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxE9glJ_7olIrKiygXWS510pFjKwU4q-A5CJ0NQRIJ11XBFD5-08L-mK2EgyH0AnET6cBEgUzntxWqm4RysUmM8RAlgPVWwkpE6IZckriVVCRjsc2AJ-fhCTvU41nI1GVTjff1AxjbQ5E6/s1600/soap07.gif" height="55" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Formula struktur natrium palmitat, <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COONa</span>.</span></div>
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b) Lemak kambing mengandungi asid stearik. Sabun yang terhasil melalui proses saponifikasi lemak haiwan ini ialah garam asid stearik, iaitu natrium stearat, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COONa</span>, atau kalium stearat, <span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-MY; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COOK</span>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZXgbYyAxc6GF7FtJO8iWmVFoyW_rxksY1AsfoFtYTmB_sqd_mkvma6svJIMSDXpnrkDt7B533fBJ12RsIj5YtquqHUA5tQjcLgsD6CH5Yj7TIPvBD649lnMR2C9c57MpV1zUnqff0MjL7/s1600/soap08.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZXgbYyAxc6GF7FtJO8iWmVFoyW_rxksY1AsfoFtYTmB_sqd_mkvma6svJIMSDXpnrkDt7B533fBJ12RsIj5YtquqHUA5tQjcLgsD6CH5Yj7TIPvBD649lnMR2C9c57MpV1zUnqff0MjL7/s1600/soap08.gif" height="50" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Formula struktur natrium palmitat, <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COONa</span>.</span></div>
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Jadual di bawah menunjukkan jenis lemak atau minyak yang digunakan untuk membuat sabun.</div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #92D050; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asid lemak<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #92D050; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh sumber<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #92D050; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama sabun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #92D050; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Formula sabun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asid
oleik, C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>33</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
zaitun, minyak jagung, kacang tanah, lemak ikan paus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natrium
oleat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>33</sub>COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asid
palmitik, C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
kelapa sawit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalium
palmitat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asid
laurik, C<sub>11</sub>H2<sub>3</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
kelapa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalium
laurat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>11</sub>H<sub>23</sub>COOK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asid
stearik,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COOH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemak
kambing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natrium
stearat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>35</sub>COONa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
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Contoh penyediaan sabun natrium stearat adalah seperti berikut:</div>
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a) Molekul gliseril tristearat dalam lemak haiwan dipecah kepada molekul gliserol dan molekul asid stearik (asid lemak) dalam tindak balas hidrolisis. Tiga molekul asid stearik terhasil daripada satu molekul gliseril tristearat. Tindak balas hidrolisis ini dimangkinkan oleh natrium hidroksida.</div>
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b) Asid stearik yang terbentuk ini kemudiannya bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida dalam tindak balas peneutralan untuk membentuk air dan garam natrium stearat, iaitu sabun.</div>
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Tindak balas keseluruhan ialah proses saponifikasi: (1) + (2)</div>
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<br /></div>
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c) Sabun yang terbentuk kemudiannya dicampurkan dengan bahan tambahan seperti minyak wangi dan pewarna sebelum dibungkuskan untuk dijual.</div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-38165890384751083082015-03-11T02:35:00.003+08:002015-08-10T00:01:04.382+08:00Teori Kinetik Jirim<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jirim wujud dalam tiga keadaan fizik iaitu <b>pepejal</b>, <b>cecair</b> dan <b>gas</b>.</div>
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Mengikut teori kinetik jirim:</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Semua jirim terdiri daripada <b>zarah halus</b>.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Zarah halus dalam jirim sentiasa <b>bergerak</b> secara rawak.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Zarah bahan yang berlainan mempunyai saiz yang berlainan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Zarah bergerak <b>lebih laju</b> dan tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah apabila <b>suhu meningkat</b>.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Cecair mempunyai susunan zarah yang kurang rapat berbanding dengan pepejal. Zarah gas adalah paling berjauhan antara satu sama lain.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7DrV0fFCbsofjJuth-emC44oxO4BKJzSFZlKmG0ax0goo5a1MBiMCn2Y-4-3hxU52QKH1TTsBqXreccjgXMOETG9TTmT3aa2yRVjCPzcjH-YAeJuAkXOhcXWqpkiX-gvx8OoCyRbV3T_L/s1600/zarah+pepejal.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7DrV0fFCbsofjJuth-emC44oxO4BKJzSFZlKmG0ax0goo5a1MBiMCn2Y-4-3hxU52QKH1TTsBqXreccjgXMOETG9TTmT3aa2yRVjCPzcjH-YAeJuAkXOhcXWqpkiX-gvx8OoCyRbV3T_L/s1600/zarah+pepejal.gif" height="198" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b>Susunan zarah dalam pepejal –</b> Rapat, teratur, </div>
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ruang antara zarah adalah kecil.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk2m5QpoJUa0_egyhfKYCAeTww_RlIqk5dDCVzdq4LDsD8o1QCczVy-C9jKzvHzD-0ikTWlQL3MijM_K18z2eTEC0eaqdJoQpUuU0riH0z3cJ_63WFC6mVgUN508i5gnuSH3S3fDBzsV7o/s1600/zarah+cecair.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk2m5QpoJUa0_egyhfKYCAeTww_RlIqk5dDCVzdq4LDsD8o1QCczVy-C9jKzvHzD-0ikTWlQL3MijM_K18z2eTEC0eaqdJoQpUuU0riH0z3cJ_63WFC6mVgUN508i5gnuSH3S3fDBzsV7o/s1600/zarah+cecair.gif" height="196" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b>Susunan zarah dalam cecair –</b> Tidak teratur, </div>
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bersentuhan antara satu sama lain.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3E22jd42hTfFvgYauxwQ46fEPKxWtswlzk7tk3qMjMdIh7yvTN9II3URmdr6e_CZ6PzGaOiSWXosq_Bag0KfryxEuD2AR0r3gjgdXoLRMa3qZ_aLiqV0jpZqwYiZHrxPhRi4s9s8ZMi1W/s1600/zarah+gas.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3E22jd42hTfFvgYauxwQ46fEPKxWtswlzk7tk3qMjMdIh7yvTN9II3URmdr6e_CZ6PzGaOiSWXosq_Bag0KfryxEuD2AR0r3gjgdXoLRMa3qZ_aLiqV0jpZqwYiZHrxPhRi4s9s8ZMi1W/s1600/zarah+gas.gif" height="196" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b>Susunan zarah dalam gas –</b> Tidak teratur, </div>
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terpisah jauh antara satu sama lain dengan </div>
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ruang antara zarah yang besar.</div>
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Perbezaan daya tarikan di antara zarah, dan kandungan tenaga zarah dalam ketiga-tiga keadaan fizik jirim dihuraikan seperti jadual di bawah.</div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="background: #92D050; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aspek<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #92D050; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pepejal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #92D050; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya tarikan antara zarah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang
kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sangat
lemah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kandungan tenaga dan gerakan
zarah-zarah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zarah mempunyai kandungan tenaga yang
rendah dan tidak dapat mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah. Oleh itu,
zarah-zarah terletak pada kedudukan yang tetap, hanya dapat bergetar dan
berputar. Tiada gerakan translasi zarah berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zarah mempunyai lebih banyak tenaga
dan dapat mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah sehingga zarah-zarah dapat
bergetar, berputar dan menggelongsor antara satu sama lain. Pergerakan zarah
secara translasi berlaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zarah mempunyai kandungan tenaga yang
cukup kuat untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara zarah dengan sepenuhnya
sehingga zarah dapat bergerak bebas dengan pantas dan secara rawak ke
mana-mana ruang yang ada serta berlanggar antara satu sama lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Perbezaan susunan zarah dan daya tarikan di antara zarah-zarah mempengaruhi sifat-sifat pepejal, cecair dan gas sesuatu jirim seperti bentuk, isipadu, ketumpatan dan kebolehmampatan. Jadual di bawah pula menunjukkan sifat-sifat pada ketiga-tiga keadaan jirim.</div>
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<td style="background: #FFC000; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC000; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pepejal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC000; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cecair<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFC000; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengikut
bentuk bekas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengikut
bentuk bekas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isipadu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengikut
isipadu bekas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketumpatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tinggi
(tetapi kurang berbanding dengan bentuk pepejal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebolehmampatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sangat
sukar (kerana susunan zarah-zarah sangat rapat dan ruang antara zarah sangat
kecil)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sukar
(kerana terdapat sedikit ruang-ruang kosong di antara zarah-zarah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudah
(kerana ruang yang besar di antara zarah-zarah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-73304394584584985642015-03-02T04:05:00.001+08:002015-08-10T00:02:23.302+08:00Pembentukan Ion Positif (Kation)<div style="text-align: justify;">
Atom-atom unsur <b>logam</b> biasanya mempunyai 1, 2 atau 3 elektron valens. Atom-atom ini berkecenderungan <b>melepaskan</b> elektron valensnya untuk mencapai susunan elektron yang <b>stabil</b> seperti gas adi.</div>
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<b>Elektron</b> yang dilepaskan daripada atom neutral menghasilkan ion yang bercas <b>positif</b>, kerana <b>bilangan proton adalah lebih daripada bilangan elektron</b> dalam ion yang terbentuk. Bilangan cas positif pada ion itu adalah bilangan elektron valens yang dilepaskan oleh atom itu.</div>
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Bilangan cas pada ion positif adalah perbezaan antara bilangan proton dan bilangan elektron dalam ion itu.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 1</span></div>
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<b>Pembentukan ion natrium, <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Na<sup>+</sup></span></b></div>
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Atom natrium mempunyai 11 proton, 11 elektron, dan 12 neutron. Susunan elektron atom natrium, 2.8.1, adalah tidak stabil. Bagi mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil seperti gas adi, satu atom natrium <b>melepaskan satu elektron valens</b> untuk membentuk ion bercas <b>satu positif</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoRrhOZbN3quihirDbKTfMFedJZCow6rdxxSGfFgzqZIAVDT6__a6WYW9MkIlmlLqw3vlyuw3v6YeAps816VmwFXQt5vuqnJxEipqe2dj65OQkHigk0__1cWD4C0cBYhcEbyUESQxy-U3O/s1600/Na.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoRrhOZbN3quihirDbKTfMFedJZCow6rdxxSGfFgzqZIAVDT6__a6WYW9MkIlmlLqw3vlyuw3v6YeAps816VmwFXQt5vuqnJxEipqe2dj65OQkHigk0__1cWD4C0cBYhcEbyUESQxy-U3O/s1600/Na.gif" /></a></div>
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Ion natrium mempunyai satu cas positif kerana ion natrium mengandungi 10 cas negatif daripada 10 elektron dan 11 cas positif daripada 11 proton. Formula kimia bagi ion natrium ialah <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Na<sup>+</sup></span>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX5IAl4TD4Fb5rZxWqZgqywF34NDt0leMKHVwI7dbRx-b5FOmfY6phfjBBH3sABcR_MUse5pcFizl4davOt6CL5OIY3gK3lEYi-vf4Rch9ouN066339AiRwuzhCHoUSLGL6iwK2REJqaE_/s1600/ion+natrium.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX5IAl4TD4Fb5rZxWqZgqywF34NDt0leMKHVwI7dbRx-b5FOmfY6phfjBBH3sABcR_MUse5pcFizl4davOt6CL5OIY3gK3lEYi-vf4Rch9ouN066339AiRwuzhCHoUSLGL6iwK2REJqaE_/s1600/ion+natrium.gif" height="174" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Pembentukan ion natrium.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9_sdmTB_CS1R6o2JSMp5NKXepqW3gW8FDDknavSRGn6yksMsvs2JI_U0OyGK224i9hD2930R8ISmBHJWC6Fxnz9ZQGwUpy-pXXfCma4MiOlxMXb5k9Xp7bHH4-ym_7vNUYuigCuovI-6Q/s1600/table+Na.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9_sdmTB_CS1R6o2JSMp5NKXepqW3gW8FDDknavSRGn6yksMsvs2JI_U0OyGK224i9hD2930R8ISmBHJWC6Fxnz9ZQGwUpy-pXXfCma4MiOlxMXb5k9Xp7bHH4-ym_7vNUYuigCuovI-6Q/s1600/table+Na.gif" height="101" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Perbandingan atom natrium dengan ion natrium.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 2</span></div>
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<b>Pembentukan ion magnesium, <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Mg<sup>2+</sup></span></b></div>
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Atom magnesium dengan 12 proton, 12 elektron, dan 12 neutron yang mempunyai susunan elektron 2.8.2 adalah tidak stabil.</div>
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Bagi mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil, satu atom magnesium <b>melepaskan dua elektron valens</b> untuk membentuk ion bercas <b>dua positif</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW6tix2aI7kxkf6jSDjYZ5kivKvKGchkMyCt_in1md-27lchtzs7tIx1-YxtoKJz9TfzdK2HEef0xDNcNj_g8LE4lYjuRchmZtiNkjp67tGG2neVCFDvDS6wE59eXe5uVHui-M5MnJWi_v/s1600/Mg.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW6tix2aI7kxkf6jSDjYZ5kivKvKGchkMyCt_in1md-27lchtzs7tIx1-YxtoKJz9TfzdK2HEef0xDNcNj_g8LE4lYjuRchmZtiNkjp67tGG2neVCFDvDS6wE59eXe5uVHui-M5MnJWi_v/s1600/Mg.gif" /></a></div>
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Dalam ion magnesium, terdapat 12 proton, 10 elektron, dan 12 neutron. Cas pada ion magnesium adalah dua positif. Ini adalah kerana 10 cas negatif daripada elektron hanya dapat meneutralkan 10 cas positif daripada proton. Maka, ion magnesium berlebihan dua cas positif.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlD0AoxSCGZUL-iOozX69v1PShJ1p5Rw87d6TLAlxA8wxvD5G89Da7aCIvRLg02mEXMMPbEnbHijkW4RbOT7y9_rpz9DLkzIHxCCKhkMtnXDLTtDIre4H2iAxYUp0DQooSAxTkcMUGSkY-/s1600/ion+magnesium.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlD0AoxSCGZUL-iOozX69v1PShJ1p5Rw87d6TLAlxA8wxvD5G89Da7aCIvRLg02mEXMMPbEnbHijkW4RbOT7y9_rpz9DLkzIHxCCKhkMtnXDLTtDIre4H2iAxYUp0DQooSAxTkcMUGSkY-/s1600/ion+magnesium.gif" height="222" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Pembentukan ion magnesium.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERxxnqcQgBL1NZkmIQ8QhyY698xkWq8Mj9w-QGnBXcDHFZiALWSHtkPxGm2TtgVsEKdHTljI_Xrs_eVkKFxrfxtLtPkt3VgbZ5v17vflsTLWd9-8T6ot5xJIvGRal4TDg26BByYTakUNI/s1600/table+Mg.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhERxxnqcQgBL1NZkmIQ8QhyY698xkWq8Mj9w-QGnBXcDHFZiALWSHtkPxGm2TtgVsEKdHTljI_Xrs_eVkKFxrfxtLtPkt3VgbZ5v17vflsTLWd9-8T6ot5xJIvGRal4TDg26BByYTakUNI/s1600/table+Mg.gif" height="98" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Perbandingan atom magnesium dengan ion magnesium.</span></div>
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</div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-15093248977991835722015-03-02T02:43:00.005+08:002015-03-02T04:09:45.028+08:00Pembentukan Ikatan Ion<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam pembentukan <b>ikatan ion</b>, <b>pemindahan elektron</b> dari atom <b>logam</b> kepada atom <b>bukan logam</b> berlaku. Ini adalah kerana atom-atom logam berkecenderungan untuk melepaskan elektron valens manakala atom-atom bukan logam berkecenderungan untuk menerima elektron.<br />
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="http://www.kimia45.cikgunaza.com/2015/03/pembentukan-ion-positif-kation.html" target="_blank">Pembentukan ion positif (kation)</a></b>.<br /><br /></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Pembentukan ion negatif (anion)</b>.<br /><br /></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Pembentukan sebatian ion</b>.</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUf2bQ4QfKCPMUIYxYhThf-iDQcYJrqzTM37bPqp634K-mC-cmLcqGaL9kIbj3WyUUBAArHnb2ewIXNmW84kRzazEBAPZM7ryFqkg059BcUSM20wBF82GOp870H5ipHdncrx5gY2j7NsWZ/s1600/question_book.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUf2bQ4QfKCPMUIYxYhThf-iDQcYJrqzTM37bPqp634K-mC-cmLcqGaL9kIbj3WyUUBAArHnb2ewIXNmW84kRzazEBAPZM7ryFqkg059BcUSM20wBF82GOp870H5ipHdncrx5gY2j7NsWZ/s1600/question_book.gif" height="320" width="263" /></a></div>
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Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-4501432486473368812015-02-24T02:12:00.000+08:002015-08-10T00:03:23.144+08:00Gerakan Brown<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gerakan Brown ialah gerakan rawak zarah-zarah sesuatu jirim berbentuk zig-zag yang dapat diperhatikan di bawah mikroskop apabila zarah-zarah ini dilanggar oleh zarah-zarah lain yang lebih halus dan tidak dapat dinampak.</div>
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Gerakan Brown dijumpai oleh ahli sains British bernama Robert Brown.</div>
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Pada 1827, Robert Brown memerhatikan (melalui mikroskop) debunga bergerak secara zig-zag di dalam air. Beliau menamakan gerakan ini sebagai gerakan Brown.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWgUWA_xZsxUbiLjhKHSxyIxDA6clY9THvN0QfqpdH9OfJCqGSIFYc5MQJrnYF3aN2AHFK5bC27SRhzEh1JfDO5d9CCmkYQ5f29m68IdRMYNJOpGV4tY4QxjWRjqnsYjtiJZsMFHASC5O/s1600/gerakan+brown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiWgUWA_xZsxUbiLjhKHSxyIxDA6clY9THvN0QfqpdH9OfJCqGSIFYc5MQJrnYF3aN2AHFK5bC27SRhzEh1JfDO5d9CCmkYQ5f29m68IdRMYNJOpGV4tY4QxjWRjqnsYjtiJZsMFHASC5O/s1600/gerakan+brown.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerakan Brown.</span></div>
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Sebagai contoh, zarah-zarah asap bergerak secara rawak dalam bentuk zig-zag. Ini adalah kerana zarah udara bergerak dengan cepat dan secara rawak serta sentiasa menghentam zarah-zarah asap. Ini menyebabkan zarah-zarah asap bergerak dalam bentuk zig-zag. Zarah-zarah udara adalah lebih halus daripada zarah asap.</div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-70763439502807689652015-02-23T21:56:00.003+08:002015-08-10T00:03:51.640+08:00Resapan<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Resapan</b> (diffusion) ialah proses pergerakan zarah-zarah dari kawasan dengan kepekatannya yang lebih tinggi ke kawasan dengan kepekatannya yang lebih rendah.</div>
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Kadar resapan dalam gas adalah paling tinggi, kemudian dikuti dengan cecair, dan resapan dalam pepejal adalah yang paling rendah.</div>
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Pergerakan zarah-zarah dalam keadaan gas adalah paling cepat, manakala pergerakan zarah-zarah dalam pepejal adalah paling lambat. Hal ini disebabkan susunan zarah pepejal adalah lebih rapat berbanding dengan gas.</div>
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Pergerakan zarah sesuatu jirim untuk mengisikan ruang kecil antara zarah-zarah pepejal adalah lambat.</div>
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Zarah-zarah gas tidak teratur dan berjauhan antara satu sama lain dengan ruang antara zarah-zarah yang besar. Oleh itu, zarah-zarah sesuatu jirim dapat mengisikan ruang antara zarah dalam gas dengan cepat.</div>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6742739504300214566.post-45642648098710366852015-02-15T14:28:00.001+08:002015-08-10T00:04:56.403+08:00Pengertian Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan Dari Segi Kehilangan dan Penambahan Oksigen dan Hidrogen<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sesuatu bahan tindak balas dikatakan telah <b>dioksidakan</b> jika mengalami <b>penambahan oksige</b>n atau <b>kehilangan hidrogen</b>.</div>
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Sebaliknya, suatu bahan tindak balas dikatakan telah <b>diturunkan</b> jika mengalami <b>kehilangan oksigen</b> atau <b>penambahan hidrogen</b>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 1</span></div>
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<b>Tindak balas antara magnesium dengan karbon dioksida</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimldqOzsOjK8qFlKh44aGAsyrwVDSUGn1qKgvWqM_zJCue9VtAalQsoqChuNdO9LiToDpGGv-vHLEr7Han_D1Rz-aHo50uf8M1ztrUYLmm3KahRnffcwMCaY6IaO7m6_57YUawAFZmtFVv/s1600/oxidation01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimldqOzsOjK8qFlKh44aGAsyrwVDSUGn1qKgvWqM_zJCue9VtAalQsoqChuNdO9LiToDpGGv-vHLEr7Han_D1Rz-aHo50uf8M1ztrUYLmm3KahRnffcwMCaY6IaO7m6_57YUawAFZmtFVv/s1600/oxidation01.jpg" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Logam magnesium dioksidakan kepada magnesium oksida kerana penambahan oksigen berlaku.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gas karbon dioksida diturunkan kepada karbon kerana oksigen disingkirkan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku secara serentak. Tindak balas ini disebut sebagai tindak balas redoks.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Karbon dioksida ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana menyebabkan magnesium dioksidakan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Logam magnesium ialah agen penurunan kerana menyebabkan karbon dioksida diturunkan.</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 2</span></div>
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<b>Tindak balas antara logam aluminium dengan ferum (III) oksida</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCQdtsPV_-aEjEJZ6l4HbXKw0bmKwCalGAhOvviHF9cumu9MYz2MWSqASmevJx3EEWzdktss5w_sDyjLLFRCTaXmfR0bC1UE8QMdcXka0rDC7LaIfwPkUSLiYx7D0noeLuR_7mtDyAgOw-/s1600/oxidation02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCQdtsPV_-aEjEJZ6l4HbXKw0bmKwCalGAhOvviHF9cumu9MYz2MWSqASmevJx3EEWzdktss5w_sDyjLLFRCTaXmfR0bC1UE8QMdcXka0rDC7LaIfwPkUSLiYx7D0noeLuR_7mtDyAgOw-/s1600/oxidation02.jpg" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Logam aluminium dioksidakan kepada aluminium oksida.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ferum (III) oksida diturunkan kepada ferum.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan telah berlaku secara serentak. Tindak balas ini disebut sebagai tindak balas redoks.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ferum (III) oksida ialah agen pengoksidaan kerana menyebabkan magnesium dioksidakan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Aluminium ialah agen penurunan kerana menyebabkan ferum (III) oksida diturunkan.</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 3</span></div>
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<b>Tindak balas antara gas hidrogen sulfida dengan klorin</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidrtivpSlCdcOj1VS21UdBIe2laUbf5BtV47eJEe6v7ZMBvc02STl5Hs8mDk2zfhhpOlyV9N2lNbW66uF8N9qA1ATu_JupFJoWcSMpM1ZMgoC4bpcRbwNopiLkH2Tb0HXNZuhgNWcqNWRn/s1600/oxidation03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidrtivpSlCdcOj1VS21UdBIe2laUbf5BtV47eJEe6v7ZMBvc02STl5Hs8mDk2zfhhpOlyV9N2lNbW66uF8N9qA1ATu_JupFJoWcSMpM1ZMgoC4bpcRbwNopiLkH2Tb0HXNZuhgNWcqNWRn/s1600/oxidation03.jpg" /></a></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Hidrogen sulfida dioksidakan kepada sulfur kerana kehilangan hidrogen.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gas klorin diturunkan kepada hidrogen klorida kerana penambahan hidrogen.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku secara serentak. Tindak balas ini disebut sebagai tindak balas redoks.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gas klorin ialah agen pengoksidaan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Hidrogen sulfida ialah agen penurunan.</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Contoh 4</span></div>
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<b>Tindak balas antara air dengan gas fluorin</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhst8PZowT7wCQc6zzBE4bW0_uFWJjA_-hidN1mWLZd0MIYaoDcy1ACwjliGzQ8Cjhrpjv55qQVQG3KU1lunqLbZ8yTVslRCXPK2lf30lOOdFyerIcSkCl_5cg0eqokspfqFfkuiEsWvjjo/s1600/oxidation04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhst8PZowT7wCQc6zzBE4bW0_uFWJjA_-hidN1mWLZd0MIYaoDcy1ACwjliGzQ8Cjhrpjv55qQVQG3KU1lunqLbZ8yTVslRCXPK2lf30lOOdFyerIcSkCl_5cg0eqokspfqFfkuiEsWvjjo/s1600/oxidation04.jpg" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Air dioksidakan kepada oksigen kerana kehilangan hidrogen.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gas fluorin diturunkan kepada hidrogen fluorida kerana penambahan hidrogen.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku secara serentak. Tindak balas ini disebut sebagai tindak balas redoks.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gas fluorin ialah agen pengoksidaan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Air ialah agen penurunan.</li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Perhatikan bahawa;</span></div>
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<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Agen pengoksidaan</b> merupakan <b>penderma oksigen</b> atau <b>penerima hidrogen</b>.<br /><br /></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Agen penurunan</b> merupakan <b>penerima oksigen</b> atau <b>penderma hidrogen</b>.</li>
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<br /></div>Cikgu Nazahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00214921260304763974noreply@blogger.com0